μεταφραση απο το google...
By land and sea
In 70 years of existence, the domestic watch industry has created a series of models that have become a symbol.
History of a visit
"10 ... 7 ... 5. Inexorably, meter by meter, move the wheel. After holding the breath, people focused. What will happen? ... Three meters, and finally what happened People rushed awaited with curiosity: the wheel of the clock moved from the Volga. "
Thus, in 1967, newspapers described the demonstration of the possibilities dall'Amphibia - the first waterproof watch the Soviet empire. Today we talk about the birth and the particularities of this model, its creators, Mikhail Fedorovich 'Novikov and Vera Belova Feodorovna.
M. F. Novikov
The task was this: building a clock that is not less than similar foreign models that could guarantee a reliable operation at 200 meters depth, under conditions of substantial drops in temperature and pressure.
At the time I was head of development of new models, so the work on 'Amphibia "was bound to pass from me. The name was invented by one of our colleagues. He organized a competition to decide the name of the new clock, and was eventually chosen this, that symbolized the essence, or that the clock was equally comfortable both in water and on land.
Time were made in Switzerland several waterproof watches with different technological solutions. It would appear that the job was easy: take and copy. But many of the solutions in Switzerland could not be replicated by us, because our equipment did not make it possible to obtain the necessary accuracy. Inolte, almost all the solutions were covered by a patent, and could not be copied. The possibility of acquiring a patent did not arise even - as I remember, in the USSR there has never been even a single attempt to acquire a patent or a license. Our patented variety, they protected them, and patents sranieri were not purchased.
I studied so thoroughly patents for waterproof watches, the "Class 43-I". But we began to collect and study information on watches and other watches for Italian submarines only later, when work on the 'Amphibia "was completed.
Our task was not so much finding a technical solution but to find a solution that was as effective as those foreign (and possibly better), but without infringing patents. Thereby developing our solution, which could be achieved with our equipment and do not replicate that abroad. Sure, they were considered different version of hermetic closure, and compared the effectiveness dell'ermeticità and costs.
We did the tests of operation "empty" of clocks - simple visual demonstrations of the strength of the watch, which had nothing in common with the test today. To simulate the maximum operating depth we used a pressure several times higher than the tire-road, but the mechanical pressure and the hydraulic pressure acting differently, and can not be compared.
"Not everything is so, boy ..."
M. F. Novikov
At first glance, the 'Amphibia "is hardly different from the normal watches. In reality, however, almost all elements of the case were special, and each of them was necessary to try different versions.
Take the glass is barely known, but has a special form. In fact, the glass bears a pressure of 20 kg/cm2, several times that of a tire of a car. At this pressure the glass flexes within per0, 5 mm, while flexing and flattening, shall ensure the hermetic closure of the case and should not interfere with the sphere of sceondi. Calculate the curvature is complicated even for a glass plate, and for that of 'Amphibia "is even more.
V. F. Belova
Glass 's "Amphibia" is more often than normal, if that of a "Komandirskie" is often 2 mm, that of' "Amphibia" is 3 mm. But it is not just a matter of thickness and shape is constructed with a particular technology. The normal glass fusing and casting are made of plastic, while these are derived from solid. To ensure the tightness at high pressure, high accuracy is required along the circumference, and is not allowed even a small scratch along the outer perimeter. To achieve this, run special milling and turning.
M. F. Novikov
It would seem that there can be nothing simpler than the rubber seal, right? One would think that you could use the seals on the valves. But the requirements for the seals of the 'Amphibia "are much more stringent. Normally the seal of the watches is 0.5 mm thick, while for the 'Amphibia "is 0.75 mm. A pressure of 20 atmospheres the gasket is compressed by 20-30%. If you compress the material of 30% of brake valves, this does not sum up the original form, and the residual deformation is too great. The seal, however, must fully recover its original shape. Add to that temperature gradients in the game, and you will understand the complexity of the problem. To ensure the design parameters, it was necessary to develop not only individual components - but also the materials with which they were made. To obtain the necessary characteristics of the seals at one point we even tried to work the material state ionic technologies used in space.
V. F. Belova
The search for suitable tires went on for a long time. To avoid losses, it is necessary that the rubber is smooth, without wrinkles. Watch in normal users of the usual rubber gaskets, rubber factory produced by the industrial Kazan '. These tires are good for low pressures, but can not stand high pressure. Therefore, for the seals of "Amphibia" was made a special rubber, obtained by sintering of rubber wet, and then cutting out the piece from solid.
M. F. Novikov
There were also problems with other materials. The coffin of the 'Amphibia ", for the first time, was not made of brass, but stainless steel. The steel case is better, suffer less wear, has a longer life than normal, and also has antiallergic properties.
A traditional cash is prepared as follows: from the brass band a press raw form the box, which is then sanded, drilled, milled and so on. Steel, which is made the coffin of the 'Amphibia, however, is considerably harder than brass. For a long time we could not be in at the cashier of the shape: they broke the loops for attaching the strap. The first speaker then had the traditional loops, but loops firmly fixed. Then tested the manufacture of boxes in a passage not only that, but in 12 consecutive steps, each of which the pressing operation provides a case closer to final form. Even though this process took time for its development.
About which they were made of steel crates. When he developed the 'Amphibia, neither the press nor a steel strip of appropriate characteristics were available at home. Then we had to ensure that they create for them a new position in the register of GOST (Soviet organization for standardization and certification, NDT).
V. F. Belova
The changes were not confined to checkout materials. In the 'Amphibia "were used for the first time the screw-down crown and rotating bezel. If before starting the dive position the "0" of the ring at the minute hand, you can determine the length of stay under water directly from the numbers on the bezel. These elements were extended to "Kommandirskie" only in the 90s. Even the bottom was special: instead of 0.5 mm as normal on clocks, was often 1 mm. Even the ring that holds the pad was reinforced.
M. F. Novikov
After the creation of 'Amphibia "on our proposal were changed to international standards for watches for diving. Was introduced to the point where, if you apply a load perpendicular to the glass or on the bottom of the clock while it is under water, must not pass moisture. In fact, the 'Amphibia "satisfy this requirement.
"But our armored train ..."
M. F. Novikov
He produced a special military version of the 'Amphibia, "signed" NVCh-30 ". When the representatives arrived at the Navy NIIChasprom (Institute for Scientific Research Watch Industry - NDT) with orders for watches for divers, who said the military that a similar model was already available at Chistopol '. To ensure water resistance to 30 atmospheres that we were required, we had to change the serious "Amphibia". The model NVCh-30 was characterized by the conformation of the glass and a bottom more often.
V. F. Belova
These watches were tested in a test program well defined. Each cuff was tested resistance. And by the end of the bracelet on NVCh-30 was shaped a bit 'strange, but it was very robust.
M. F. Novikov
Most of the tests were conducted at the NIIChasprom, and acceptance tests were overcome during the maneuvers of the fleet in the North Sea. In this respect, one of the tests which were subjected clocks was very similar to the recovery of the crew of the sommer "Kursk". A submarine (at the time, a model with diesel engine) was resting on the seabed at a depth of 120-130 meters, to simulate an emergency. There were two support ships for the recovery, a huge floating crane (the "Karpati), diving bells, a decompression chamber, and a brigade divers. Do not know where all this is gone today. The operational plan was as follows. The bell was lowered from the ship, and was placed on a dedicated area at the stern of the submarine, which is embraced by the effect of external pressure. People passing by the submarine into the bell, then climbed into the airlock. During those maneuvers was recovered from a group of six submarines. Our watches were worn by divers, who worked in depth. Both the tests that the maneuvers were a success.
During these tests, the clocks were tested to the limit - more than 100 m, although in fact they were designed for other purposes. The divers from depths are in constant radio contact with the surface, with their cumbersome equipment, it is difficult to even look at the clock. But for divers with a wetsuit and light equipment and teams of swimmers, our NVCh-30 were irreplaceable. :
.
